نام كتاب :FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHT SOURCES AND LASERS

نويسنده :Mark Csele

انتشارات : JOHN WILEY & SONS-2004

تعداد صفحات : 344 صفحه

حجم فايل : 3.46 مگابايت

فصول كتاب:

Light and Blackbody Emission 1
1.1 Emission of Thermal Light 1
1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2
1.3 Blackbody Radiation and the Stefan–Boltzmann Law 2
1.4 Wein’s Law 4
1.5 Cavity Radiation and Cavity Modes 6
1.6 Quantum Nature of Light 9
1.7 Electromagnetic Spectrum Revisited 10
1.8 Absorption and Emission Processes 10
1.9 Boltzmann Distribution and Thermal Equilibrium 13
1.10 Quantum View of Blackbody Radiation 14
1.11 Blackbodies at Various Temperatures 15
1.12 Applications 17
1.13 Absorption and Color 18
1.14 Efficiency of Light Sources 18
Problems 19

2. Atomic Emission 21
2.1 Line Spectra 21
2.2 Spectroscope 22
2.3 Einstein and Planck: E ¼ hn 26
2.4 Photoelectric Effect 27
2.5 Atomic Models and Light Emission 28
2.6 Franck–Hertz Experiment 31
2.7 Spontaneous Emission and Level Lifetime 34
2.8 Fluorescence 35
2.9 Semiconductor Devices 37
2.10 Light-Emitting Diodes 44
Problems 48

3. Quantum Mechanics 49
3.1 Limitations of the Bohr Model 50
3.2 Wave Properties of Particles (Duality) 50
3.3 Evidence of Wave Properties in Electrons 52
3.4 Wavefunctions and the Particle-in-a-Box Model 53
3.5 Reconciling Classical and Quantum Mechanics 55
3.6 Angular Momentum in Quantum States 56
3.7 Spectroscopic Notation and Electron Configuration 57
3.8 Energy Levels Described by Orbital Angular Momentum 60
3.9 Magnetic Quantum Numbers 62
3.10 Direct Evidence of Momentum: The Stern–Gerlach
Experiment 63
3.11 Electron Spin 65
3.12 Summary of Quantum Numbers 67
3.13 Example of Quantum Numbers: The Sodium Spectrum 69
3.14 Multiple Electrons: The Mercury Spectrum 71
3.15 Energy Levels and Transitions in Gas Lasers 72
3.16 Molecular Energy Levels 73
3.17 Infrared Spectroscopy Applications 77
Problems 79

4. Lasing Processes 83
4.1 Characteristics of Coherent Light 84
4.2 Boltzmann Distribution and Thermal Equilibrium 86
4.3 Creating an Inversion 87
4.4 Stimulated Emission 90
4.5 Rate Equations and Criteria for Lasing 92
4.6 Laser Gain 98
4.7 Linewidth 101
4.8 Thresholds for Lasing 104
4.9 Calculating Threshold Gain 106
Problems 113

5. Lasing Transitions and Gain 117
5.1 Selective Pumping 117
5.2 Three- and Four-Level Lasers 119
5.3 CW Lasing Action 124
5.4 Thermal Population Effects 127
5.5 Depopulation of Lower Energy Levels in
Four-Level Lasers 128
5.6 Rate Equation Analysis for Atomic Transitions 130
5.7 Rate Equation Analysis for Three- and
Four-Level Lasers 136
5.8 Gain Revisited 143
5.9 Saturation 146
5.10 Required Pump Power and Efficiency 149
5.11 Output Power 154
Problems 156

6. Cavity Optics 159
6.1 Requirements for a Resonator 159
6.2 Gain and Loss in a Cavity 160
6.3 Resonator as an Interferometer 162
6.4 Longitudinal Modes 164
6.5 Wavelength Selection in Multiline Lasers 166
6.6 Single-Frequency Operation 169
6.7 Characterization of a Resonator 174
6.8 Gaussian Beam 176
6.9 Resonator Stability 178
6.10 Common Cavity Configurations 180
6.11 Spatial Energy Distributions: Transverse Modes 185
6.12 Limiting Modes 186
6.13 Resonator Alignment: A Practical Approach 187
Problems 190

7. Fast-Pulse Production 193
7.1 Concept of Q-Switching 193
7.2 Intracavity Switches 195
7.3 Energy Storage in Laser Media 196
7.4 Pulse Power and Energy 198
7.5 Electrooptic Modulators 202
7.6 Acoustooptic Modulators 206
7.7 Cavity Dumping 211
7.8 Modelocking 212
7.9 Modelocking in the Frequency Domain 215
Problems 217

8. Nonlinear Optics 219
8.1 Linear and Nonlinear Phenomena 219
8.2 Phase Matching 223
8.3 Nonlinear Materials 227
8.4 SHG Efficiency 229
8.5 Sum and Difference Optical Mixing 230
8.6 Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects 231
8.7 Optical Parametric Oscillators 232
Problems 233

9. Visible Gas Lasers 235
9.1 Helium–Neon Lasers 235
9.2 Lasing Medium 236
9.3 Optics and Cavities 237
9.4 Laser Structure 239
9.5 HeNe Power Supplies 241
9.6 Output Characteristics 245
9.7 Applications 246
9.8 Ion Lasers 247
9.9 Lasing Medium 247
9.10 Optics and Cavities 251
9.11 Laser Structure 252
9.12 Power Supplies 256
9.13 Output Characteristics 258
9.14 Applications and Operation 259

10. UV Gas Lasers 261
10.1 Nitrogen Lasers 261
10.2 Lasing Medium 262
10.3 Gain and Optics 264
10.4 Nitrogen Laser Structure 265
10.5 Output Characteristics 269
10.6 Applications and Practical Units 269
10.7 Excimer Lasers 270
10.8 Lasing Medium 271
10.9 Gain and Optics 274
10.10 Excimer Laser Structure 274
10.11 Applications 277
10.12 Practical and Commercial Units 278

11. Infrared Gas Lasers 283
11.1 Carbon Dioxide Lasers 283
11.2 Lasing Medium 283
11.3 Optics and Cavities 285
11.4 Structure of a Longitudinal CO2 Laser 286
11.5 Structure of a Transverse CO2 Laser 289
11.6 Alternative Structures 290
11.7 Power Supplies 290
11.8 Output Characteristics 292
11.9 Applications 292
11.10 Far-IR Lasers 293

12. Solid-State Lasers 295
12.1 Ruby Lasers 295
12.2 Lasing Medium 296
12.3 Optics and Cavities 297
12.4 Laser Structure 298
12.5 Power Supplies 299
12.6 Output Characteristics 300
12.7 Applications 301
12.8 YAG (Neodymium) Lasers 301
12.9 Lasing Medium 302
12.10 Optics and Cavities 302
12.11 Laser Structure 303
12.12 Power Supplies 306
12.13 Applications, Safety, and Maintenance 308
12.14 Fiber Amplifiers 309

13. Semiconductor Lasers 313
13.1 Lasing Medium 313
13.2 Laser Structure 315
13.3 Optics 319
13.4 Power Supplies 320
13.5 Output Characteristics 321
13.6 Applications 324
14. Tunable Dye Lasers 327
14.1 Lasing Medium 327
14.2 Laser Structure 330
14.3 Optics and Cavities 334
14.4 Output Characteristics 334
14.5 Applications